Online beta version 12/29/05, reconstructed 09/20/06. The newer version became corrupted and this version is reconstructed from older notes. Errors may be present in pronunciation symbols due to HTML conversion. These will be corrected.

To understand the symbols used first download the "Art History, Introduction to Terms and Pronunciation" at the index site

V. Etruscan and Roman Art, Vocabulary for Lecture
Gerard Bowles. 2000, rev. 7/22/02. online beta 12/20/05

Etruscan Art< /U> (i-trs-kn)
Lares (lr-(,)z) and (p-n-tz) Peanaates
haruspex /haruspices (hr-s-,peks /har-s-p-,sz)
terra-cotta ("ter--k-t)
Perugia (p-'r-j(-) /p-)
voussoirs (v-'swr)
Po Valley to Campania (kam p'n-)
divination
haruspex (hr-s-,peks) /haruspices (har-s-p-,sz)
Etruria (i-'trur--)
Apollo of Veii (ve or v)
satyr (s-tr)
maenad (m'nad)
Portonaccio Temple
Vulca (vl-k) (a. c. 510 BC)
"Sarcofago degli Sposi" (husband & wife)
Sarcophagus (sr-k-f-gs)
terra-cotta ("ter--k-t)
bucchero - type of black Etruscan pottery
Cerveteri (cher vetary)
Warrior Head
Satyr & Maenad (s-tr) (m'nad)
Villa Giulia ('jl-y) Museum
She-Wolf of the Capitoline Romulus & Remus
Tarquinia ("TarXna" in Etruscan), is now called Corneto (tr-kw-ny)
Chimera of Arrezzo (k-mir- /k-)
Arezzo (-ret-(,)s)
Priest offering the cup
Musicians & two Dancers
Woman dancing
Two dancers
Double flute player
Achilles Sacrifices the Trojan Prisoners ( kil'z)
Franois Tomb

Roman Art< /U>
Romulus (753-715 bc) and Remus
Rhea Silvia, priestess & princess, act. 700s B.C.
Latin, Sabine, and Etruscan
Professor Andrea Carandini, "La Sapienza" University of Rome
Three Campania (kam p'n- /kam-p-ny) towns: Pompeii (pm-'p), Herculaneum (hr-ky-l-n-m), and Stabiae (sta-bya)
Pliny, the "Elder" 23-79 A.D., "Younger" (61 /62-c.113 A.D.)
Zeugma (zg-m)
Ixion Room (ik-s-n)
nouveaux riches (nv-rsh)
Campania towns: Pompeii (pm-'p), Herculaneum (hr-ky
-¥l-n-
m), and Stabiae (sta-bya)
nouveaux riches (nv-rsh)
fresco, encaustic (in-'k-stik), and tempra
polychromy
Ludius /Studius (c. 1st c. B.C.)
Livia on the Palatine Hill (live)
tour de force
monochrome
Zeugma (zg-m)
Aule Matele (-l) (m-tel) or Aulus(-ls) Metellus (m-tel-s)
Temple of Portunus - Rom. name for Gk. diety Palmon /Palaemon, usually represented riding on a dolphin
stucco
Temple of the Sibyl ('si-bal)
Marcus Furius Camillus (k-mil-s) (d. 365 B.C.) Roman hero
villa
Neoclassicism
Augustus of Primaporta (-'gs-ts /)
Polykleitos /Polyclitus /Polycleitus (pl-i-klt-s) (5th c. B.C.)
Ara Pacis
Tellus (tels), Rom. counterpart of Gk. Gaea /Gaia (ja)
Delphi (delph)
Aulus Metellus (m-tel-s /m-)
House of the Vetti /Vettii
Pompeii (pm-'p)
Mt. Vesuvius (v-s-v-s /-'soo- /It. v-'s-vy)
Samnite (sam-,nt)
Laestrygonians /Lestri- (lestr-gn-ns)
Ulysses (yu-li-(,)sz)
Odyssey (-d-s)
Esquiline Hill (es-kw-,ln)
brigands (bri-gnds)
Amphion and Zethus Slaying Dirce (am-f-n) (z-ths)
Pompeii (pm-'p)
Euripides' (yu-rip--,dz /-rip--'') Hippolytus (hip-l-t-s /--ts /hip-pol-y-ts) and Sophocles' (sf--"klz /s-fa-) Antifone
Botticelli (bt"i-chel /t. bt-t-) (1445-1510)
Pan
nymphs
tetrapylon (tetr-)
courtesan (kr-t-zn)
Dionysiac /Dianysiac (d--ni-zh-"ak)
Villa of Mysteries
Dionysus /-sos (d--n-ss), same as Bacchus (b-ks /ba-)
Phrygian (fri-j()n) goddess Cybele(si-b-(,)l)
Isis (-ss)
Ceres (sir-(,)z) /Demeter (di-m-tr)
Mary of Nazareth (na-z-rth)
Silenus /-nos (s-l-ns)
satyrs (s-trs)
Aldobrandini Marriage (l-d-brn-d-n)
Sappho (saf-(,)), sle of Lesbos /Lesvos
Menander (m-nan-dr) (342-292 B.C.) Athenian writer
Woman Playing the Kithara
Partridge and Pomegranite
Trampoliere Bird
Telephus
Pont du Gard (p n-d{ue}-gar)
Vesta (vest) on Tiber (TY-buhr)
Equestrian Statue of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Full: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (mrks -rl-s ant-nns, (161-180)
Piazza (p-aht-sah) Campidoglio (cuhm-pee-DOHL-yoh) ("The Capitol")
Athenagoras (ath--nag--rs) (2nd c. AD)
"Presbeia peri Christianon" (c.177)
Commodus (km--ds), Lucius Aelius Aurelius (161-192)
Bust of Antinous (an-tin--ws)
Emperor Hadrian (HAY dree uhn)
Colosseum
Flavian (fl-v-n) emperors: Vespasian (ve-sp-zh()n) (9-79 AD), Titus, and Domitian (d-mish-n)
Trajan ('tr-jn) (53-117)
Ulpia (l-p-)
Dacia (d-sh()-)
Nerva (nr-v) (c 30-98)
pantheon (pan(t)-th-,n)
Hadrian (HAY dree uhn)
oculus (-ky-ls) - round window or dome opening
Corinthian portico (k-rin(t)-th-n)
spacious colonnaded forecourt
Market Gate from Miletus (m-l-ts)
Temple of Bacchus (b-ks /ba-) at Baalbek¾ (bl-"bek /b-l-,)
busts of Mars, Ganymede (ga-ni-,md), Ceres (sir-(.)z), Vulcan
Sir. Mortimer Wheeler
Lamartine (la-mar-tn)
Emperior Theodosius (th--d-sh(-)s) I, "the Great" (347-395)
Phoenician god /s Baal (bl /b(-)l)
Phillipus the Arab, 244-49 AD
Caracalla, nick of Antoninus (an-t-n-ns) (188-217)
Septimius Severus (s-vir-s) (146-211)
Parthians (pr-th-ns)
Constantine the Great (ca. 274-337)
Eutropios (y-tr-p-s)
Basilica Nova
Palazzo (p-lt(,)s) dei Conservatori (kn-sr-v-,tr-)
Basilica of Constantine (con-stn-tne), Ruins of Forum Romanum¾
Maxentius (mak-sen-sh(-)s) (d. 312)
Porta San (p--(,)l) Paolo
Pyramid of Cestius (sest--s)

VI. Early Christian to Early Gothic
Gerard Bowles
2000, rev. 10 /15 /03, online beta 12 /30 /05

Early Christian< /U>
Byzantine (bi-z n-,tn /b /-,tn)
Islamic
Germanic, Hiberno-Saxon, Viking
(kar' lin'j() n) Carolingian
Ottonian
Romanesque
Early Gothic
catacomb
emperor Theodosius I (th--d-sh(-)s) (347-395)
Aristaeus (ar-st-s - widely worshiped as a beneficent deity
Cyrene (s-r-(,)n)
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
Isaac
Pontius Pilate (pon-shs p-lt) Roman prefect of Judaea (A.D. 26‚36?)
Basilica S. Maria in Aracoeli (-ra-s-l?)
Tiburtine Sibyl (t-br-tne)
porphyry urn (pr-f(-)r)
Santa Costanza (k-'stnt-s?)
Constantinian
Apollo
Christ as Sol Invictus (sl /sl) - Roman sun god of Mesopotamian origin, introduced c.220
Zoroastrianism (zr--was-tr--,ni-zm), Zoroaster (zr--,was-tr)
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (gal- pls-id- /pla-cd-e-a)
Adoration of Magi (m-,j)
San Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy
diptych (diptik)
Vienna Genesis
Maria Maggiore
diptych (dip'tik)

Byzantine Arch. in Constantinople< /U> (bi-z n-,tn) (kn-,stan-t n--pl) (now Istanbul)
Obelisk
Byzantium (b-zan-t-m)
Coptic Christian textile (kp-tik)
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (pr-f-r-jen-t-s) (905-959)
Saints Sergius and Bacchus (d. c.303) - Christian martyrs (sr-j-s) (bak-s)
Hagia Sophia (Gk: Holy Wisdom), Turkish: Aya Sofia, Santa Sophia (ha-g-/I-uh) (s-f- /-fi-)
Anthemius of Tralles (an-th-m-s) of (tral-z)
Isidorus of Miletus (m-lt-s)
narthex ('nr-,theks) - portico (porch) or vestibule leading to the nave of an ancient church
vestibule (ves-t-,by (l) - a cavity serving as an entrance to another cavity or space
portico (pr-ti,k) - a porch of ancient churches with a colonnade or covered ambulatory often at the entrance, or the entire architectural composition of the grand doorways and porches of a church
ambulatory (am-by-l-,tr-) - in art hist. a sheltered place (as in a cloister) for walking
cloister - covered walk with open colonnade on one side and wall on the other
triangular pendentives (pen-den-tiv)
narthex mosiacs (nr-,theks)
San Vitale Church (v-tal- /v-t()l)
Ravenna (r-ve-n /rvn-n)
Emperior Justinian, Bishop Maximianus and attendants
Saint Vitalis (Ang. v-t-ls / Fr. v-tnl)
Empress Theodora (th--dr-) (c.500-548), wife of Justinian
aureole (r--,l), a halo
S. Apollinare in Classe /en classe (-,pl--nar)
Saints Theodore & George
Emperor Maximinus Daia (mak-s-m-ns d-)
Iconoclasts /iconoclastic
Bibliotheque Nationale

Middle Byzantine Art (843-1204)< /U>
Paris Psalter
Transfiguration
Andrei (an-dr-() Rublev (rub-lyof)
Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow

Islamic Art< /U>
Mohammed
Hajj (haj /ha(d)ge) - pilgrimage to Mecca
Mosque of Cordova (msk) (kr-d-v)
mihrab (m-rb) and qibla
Cordova (kr-d-v), city in Cordoba /-va (kr-d-b /-v) province, Spain
Damascus (d-mas-ks)
minaret (mi-n-ret) - tower for crier
muezzin (m-e-z n) - crier
Mosque of Ahmed I (-met), Istanbul
Taj Mahal (tahj muh-hahl)
Agra, India ('-gra)
Shah Jahan (shn jahn) & wife Mumtaz Mahal (mumtz)
Calligraphic Page

Germanic, Hiberno-Saxon, and Viking< /U>
Sutton Hoo (s-t n /sut-n h [as in boot])
motif (m-tf)
Luristan bronzes (lur--,stn /-,stn)
Art Nouveau (r(t) n-v)
Pict - ancient people of N. Scotland (pikt)
Pictish priesthood called Druids ('dr-ids)
St. Colm ('kl-am), St. Columba, St. Ninian (nin-yn)
Donegal county, Ireland (d-ni-gl)
Saint Patrick, real name was Sucat
Book of Darrow (dar-(,))
Cross-carpet page, Lindisfarn Gospels

Hiberno-Saxon< /U>
Book of Kells
St. Matthew
Cross of Muredach

Carolingian< /U> (kar lin'j() n) Art
Charlemagne (Angl: shr-l-,mn / Fr: shnr-l-mn)
Merovingian (mer vinj n) period
Fulda and Cologne (ful-d) (k-ln)
vaulted (vol-td) vestibule (ves-t-,by(l)
Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne at Aachen (-kn /aa-kin)
churches: Corbie (kr-b), Centula (now caled Saint-Riquier), and Reichenau (r-k-,nau)
Tours (tur), Metz (mets), Saint-Denis (sa n (t)-d-n)
Utrecht Psalter (y-,trekt)
Aachen (-kn /aa-kin)
Archbishop Ebbo (eb-b) of Reims (rmz)
Luke
Odo of Metz (-(,)d) (mets)
Evangeliarium
Bibliotheca (bi-bl--th-k) a list or collection of books
Mary Magdalene (mag-d-ln)
Beauvais (b-v), Basse (bahs) oeuvre (uver )
Poitiers (pw-ty)
Germigny-les Pres
St. Hilaire (sant ler)
Perigueux (per--g(r) / p=r-g)
Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim (hil-ds-,hm) (960-1022)
"noli me tangere" (n-l-(,)m-tan-j-r), Latin, Jesus' words to Mary Magdalene not to touch or interfere
Gero Crucifix
Cologne Cathedral
Gospel Book of Otto III (980-1002)
Abbey Church of St. Michael
--------

Slides 4b
Romanesque Arch. in France< /U>
St. Sernin, Toulouse (tu-lz)
Santiago de Compostela (san-t--(,)g de com-pas-tel()), site of alleged
apsidal (ap-s-d l) area
buttresses
Abbot Suger (s-zher)
Toulouse (tu-lz)
St. Etienne (-tyen), (k n) Caen, France
twin-tower-triple-portal formula
Pauline (p-,ln) doctrine
narthex ('nr-,theks) - portico (porch) or vestibule leading to the nave of a church
vestibule (ves-t-,by(l) - a cavity serving as an entrance to another cavity or space

Romanesque Arch. in Italy
Church of S. Maria (Mary of Nazareth) In Cosmedin, Rome, near Temple of Vesta (ves-t)
Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri, suggests Triton (tr-t n) fountain by Bernini (br-n-n)
Pope Adrian I
Bocca della Verit, 'Mouth of Truth'
Sant' Ambrogio (mbrg)
Pisa Baptistry (p-z)
Pisa complex includes Santa Maria Cathedral, San Giovanni (j-vn-n) Baptistery, Campanile (Angl. kampn-l / Ital. kmpn-l) (Italian form of bell tower, chiefly during Middle Ages), and Camposanto of Pisa (kam-(,)p-sn-(,)t) (p-z)
Baptistry of St. Giovanni (j-'vn-n /j-)

Romanesque Sculpture< /U>
motifs (m-tfs)
Saint-Genis-des-Fontaines
Bernardus Gelduinus (fl 1096)
mandorla
aureole (r--,l)
Wiligelmo ( /Guglielmus of Modena) (v-l-gel-m) (It. Active ca.1099-1120)
frieze on the west facade, Modena Cathedral (mo-d n- /m-, -d n-, /m(w)-)
trumeau (tre-m)
Gislebertus (g-zul-ber-ts /tos /gz-le-ber-ts) (ca. 1090-1152)
tympanum of Cathedral of S. Lazare (la-zr) at Autun (t) also Autun Cathedral
tympanum (timp nm)
lintel
portal
Tympanum of St. (ma-d l-n) Madeleine, Vzelay
St. Bernard of Claivaux (kler-v) (1090-1153)
motif (m-tf)
Auvergne, France (-vern y)
Romanesque Illumination
Byzantine (bi-z n-,tn)
medieval
Carolingian (kar' lin'j() n)
Ottonian (otnn)
St. Savin (sa-vn) Abbey
Abbot Wendricus
Master of Tahull
Museo de Bellas Artes de Cataluna (Catalonia (katl-n), Barcelona)
"carmina burana" of the Goliardic songs (glrd ik)
Dalmatica (dal-ma-tika /-mat-i-c)
collections: Carl Orff (rf) (1895-1982)
Bayeux Tapestry (bi-ra / b-(y)a)
Battle of Hastings (haas-tings)
Duke Harold
Roland, legendary hero of Charlemagne battle (r-lnd)
Taillefer, poet (t-y-fer /t-fer) (d. 1066)
Art Outside Mainstream Styles
Aquamanile, Islamic East vessels for washing hands before meal, became part of Western Christian church alters for priests to purify hands
Avars
Meuse Valley (myz)
Gothic intro.
flying buttress
nave (nve)

French Gothic< /U>
Saint-Denis Abbey (Fr. sa''-d-n /sa n (t)-d-n /Angl. 'den-as) (abb)
Abbot Suger (Fr. s-zher) (abb) (1081-1151)
ambulatory (am-by-l-,tr-) - in art hist. "a sheltered place (as in a cloister or church) for walking"
Chartres Cathedral (shrt)
Plan by Aubert (-ber)
oculi at the triforium level ('-ky-l)
portal (pr-t l)
transept (tran(t)-,sept)
plan by Georg Dehio, German art historian
Saints Martin, Jerome, and Gregory
Saint Theodore (th--,d ( )r)
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Laon (n-tr-dm) (Angl. dme /Fr. dm) (l n)
pier
schematism - parts of a pattern within a design scheme (sk-m-,ti-zm)
vault (vlt)
transverse rib - across the body (tranz-vrs /tran(t)s-)
apsidal - relating to an apse or apsis (ap-s-d l)
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris (n-tr-dm)
Mary Magdalene (mag-d-ln)
Plan by (-ber) Aubert
nave (nve)
Robert de Luzarches (r-ber du lu-zarsh), Thomas de Cormont (t-ma du kor-mo(n)) and Renaud (r-n) de Cormont (r-n du kor-mo(n))
Amiens Cathedral (am-'ya n) - city N Fr.-(sm /sm /sm) Somme, France
geometer's compass
lancet windows (lan(t)-st)
Beau Dieu (b dy)
Reims Cathedral of Notre-Dame ('rmz /Fr. ra n s) (Angl. is most used internationally)
"Annunciation and Visitation"
bar tracery
lancet (lan(t)-st /lanst) window - high narrow window with a pointed head
rose window - a circular window filled with lines of branching, decorative interlacing
Sainte-Chapelle (sant-shpel)
Rayonnant style (rnant) (meaning radiant)
Louis IX (lw) "The Saintly King"
Rouen's Saint-Maclou (r-' n (n)'s)
Celtic-Germanic ('kel-tik)
Salisbury Cathedral (slzbr)
Ed Prynn (prin) - well-known Druid
ruins of church of Old Sarum (sar-m)
ribbed vaulting
House of Jacques Coeur (zhock k(o)er)
Troyes Cathedral ('t(r)w)

Illumination and Luxury Arts< /U>
Abraham
Sarah and Hagar
Nahash the Ammonite... (nhash) (a-m-,nt) from the Bible
Master Honore (o-n-r /nr) (active ca. 1288-1318 Fr.)
Breviary of Philippe le Bel (br-v-er) (l-bel)
style derived from the Psalter of St. (lw) Louis
Codex Manesse (k-,deks m-,ns)
Rdiger Manesse
Jean Pucelle (zhan py-'sel), The Hours of Jeanne d Evreux (v-'r): The Annunciation

Gothic Outside of France, England< /U>
Salisbury Cathedral (slzbr)
Stonehedge
Ed Prynn (prin), well-known Druid
church of Old Sarum (sar-m)

Gothic in Germany< /U>
Mosen tradition ('m-zan): Nicholas of Verdun (verdun)
Cologne Cathedral (k-ln)
Gerhard of Cologne
portal, Strasbourg ('strs-,burg) Cathedral
tympanum (tim-p-nm)
Ekkenhard & Uta (or Ekkehard) ('ek-a-,hrt) (-ta)
at Naumburg Cathedral (noumb()rkh)
Pieta (p-(,)-t /py-)
Gothic ("Period") Art in Italy
Piazza della Signoria (Palazzo (p-'lt-(,)s)
Ca' d'Oro
Orvieto Cathedral (or-v--(,)t)
tympanum (tim-p-nm)
Lorenzo Maitani (lo-ren-z m-ta-n)
pinnacles - small towers
Tuscan traditions ('ts-kn)
Cathedrial of Milan (m-'lan)
Renaissance

Readings for Interest
Ending of Roman religions with cult of emperior, and meshing of Christianity
- C. Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (Berkeley 2000), sections on imperial cult.
- R. MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire (A.D. 100-400) (New Haven 1984) 25-42, 68-119.
- J.Z. Smith, Drudgery divine: on the comparison of early Christianities and the religions of antiquity
(Chicago 1990); selections.
- T. F. Mathews, The Clash of the Gods. A Reinterpretation of Early Christian Art (Princeton 1993),
selections.
- J. Seznec, The survival of the pagan gods (New York 1953); selections.
- L. M. White, Building Gods House in the Roman World. Architectural Adaptation among Pagans, Jews and Christians (Baltimore 1990); selections