Introduction

Pronunciations are not universal. Africa has over 800 primary languages, 50 language groups, with variations in over 600 cultures. Scholars of language estimate there are over 1000 distinct languages in Africa. For example, in Cameroon 24 major languages are spoken, 70 in Zambia, 470 in Nigeria. S. of the Sahara French and English are used in most mass-media communications, and many words can be pronounced in English as written. Linguists inadvertently introduce humor, for example "Bowles" according to The Columbia Encyclopedia is pronounced "bolz," omitting the "w" or "(w)". My pronunciations are influenced by the scholars from Africa lecturing at the Museum of African Art, now The National Museum of African Art of the Smithsonian Institution.
- art historians are not yet able to develop systematic chronologies or describe stylistic evolutions and historical links for many artistic traditions in African art
- words given are from information on artwork presented
- Countries are listed under the 5 geographical divisions of Africa, followed by the cities, in parentheses, where art or culture is discussed, and followed by people and tribes significant to this course. Terms, etc. are below each region, and others given during lecture.
- a "/" indicates variables in terms, spelling or pronunciation, I give only one or two, but in African terms there can be many. For this reason Visona and other texts do not offer a pronunciation guide
- for other marks used here consult Art History, Introduction to Terms and Pronunciation

NORTHERN AFRICA* (Egypt is on a separate printout)

Algeria orig. Berbers (br-brs) (tribal peoples of unknown origin), now Arabs (invaded 7th c.), and mix. Arab-Berber (br-br). Ahaggar (-h-gr) Mountains / or Hoggar (h-gr) Mountains region (S Algeria) cave paintings depict a people who raised cattle and hunted game in the area between 8000 and 2000 bc
Egypt, Egyptians (mix. of indigenous ancient Egyptians, and particularly in Lower Egypt include Arabs, Greeks, Romans, Turks), and nomadic and semi-nomadic herders, mostly Bedouins/Beduins (be-d-wn) (Arab. "Badawi," "dwellers in the desert"), Nubia (n-b-) (an ancient kingdom of black people living in S. Egypt and N. Sudan. Ancient Nubia was called Cush/Kush (ksh/klsh) and ruled by Egypt for ca. 1800 years. In the 8th c. bc the Nubians achieved independence and ruled Egypt. Most Egypt terms are on a seperate paper. Nubia was conquered by Arabs in the 14th c., and Egypt in 1820 (F&W)
Libya (li-b-) Berber and Arab, 15-20% foreign workers
Mauritania (Fr. Mauritanie) (m-r-t-n)
Morocco original was Berber people, now mix of Arabs, Berbers & a few black Africans, "Moors" (also Mauritania and Algeria)
Tunisia (t-n-zh) (Tunisia city) (t-n-zh(-)/ty-) essentially Berber stock, but with Arabization call themselves Arabs , (b-j) Beja people in N Tunisia

N. Af. Terms:

Ait (t) Ouaouzguite
Andalusian (an-d-l-zhn) culture
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford England
Beja, northern Tunisia (t-n-zh)
"Berber" (br-br), general name given to the indigenous peoples of northern Africa
Byzantines
Carthage (kr-thij) ancient harbor city & state in Tunisia, probably established by Phoenicians, earliest artifacts 600 bc, imitative of Egyptian, Greek, and Phoenician originals
Cave on Upper Longreach Farm, Cathcart district, Republic of South Africa
Chemtou (Simitthu),
cloisonne (kli-z-n/klw-)
diadem (d--dem) a band, often rope, worn around the head like a crown
dii Mauri ("the Moorish gods")
Fatimid (fat--md) (909-1171) and Mamluk (mam-,lk) (1250-1517) dynasties
Fez (fez), Meknes (mek-nes), Marrakesh (mar--kesh), or Rabat (r-bt), cities in Morocco
Fibulae (fi-by-l) with Connecting Chain and Central Ovoid (-,vid) Bead
Haile-Selaissie (h-l-s--s), Prof., UC-Berkeley
Harvard U. biological anthropologist Daniel Lieberman
Hausa (hous/-s)
Henshilwood, Christopher - anthropologist at Iziko Museums of Cape Town in South Africa and Prof. State University of New York
Hottentots (h-t n-,tts), and the San (sn)
Lascaux (la-sk)
Lemcaiteb (Saquia el-Hamra)
Maghreb (m-grb)
malachite (ma-l,kt) or ochre
Matendusc, Wadi (w-d) Berging, near Murzuch (Fessan), Libya
Mauritania (m-r-t-n)
niello (n-e-(,)l)
Numidian (nu-mi-d-n) peoples (Numidia, ancient country in modern Algeria)
oryx (r-iks), a gazelle
ovoid (-,vid) - egg shape
paleontologist Michel Brunet ('m-kel) (br<-ne) of University of (pw-'ty) Poitiers, France
Sahara (s-har- /-her-/-hr) desert across N Af. extending from Atlantic coast to Red Sea, or as in your African text some say Nile
Saharan nomads
Saharasia behavior theory of James DeMeo, Ph.D.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis (sa-hil-an(t)-thr-ps) (had-en-sis) = roughly: "Sahel (sa-hil) hominid from Chad"
Semitic (s-mi-tik)
Tedda
Tibesti (t-bes-t) region of southern Libya (li-b-) and northern Chad
Tuareg (tw-,reg//too-ah-reg) people, known as the "blue men" for the indigo (often blue-dyed leather) that rubs off on their skin, central and s. Sahara (modern Algeria, (li-b-) Libya, Chad, Mali, ('n-jur) Niger, (burkn fas) Burkina Faso, and Nigeria)
Wadi Safar (w-d s-'fr), Tassili des Adjjer (ts--,l), Algeria

Africa, Orthography* for Lecture Notes, Part 2
Gerard Bowles. 2000, rev. 2003

WEST AFRICA*

Benin (b-nin//buh-NIN/buh-n-n'//ben-een), people are called Bini (ben*), (country) (1960 to 1975 called Dahomey (d-h-m); Abomey (a-b-m*/aboma, bome) (Ife (-(,)f*) city is near border with Nigeria), Yoruba (yr--b/YOUR-oo-buh//yoh-roo-bah) (most in SW Nigeria and parts of Togo)
Burkina Faso (burkn fas) (old: "Upper Volta") Peul/Fulani (pl) (f-,l-n) (also in Senegal), Bobo, Gurunsi, Nuna, Mossi (mos//moh-see), Bwa (also in Mali), Lobi, (also Ivory Coast & Ghana)
Dahomey see Benin. Kingdom in 17th-19th cent. in what is now the southern part of Benin. The name Dahomey was also used by Benin from 1960 to 1975
Gambia (gamb)
Ghana (gn) (Kumasi (kmas/-m), Accra (kr/akr), former home of Asante/Ashanti/Ashante (shnt/ah-SAHN-tee//ah-sahn-tee), now in Ivory Coast, Akan (-kn//ah-khan), Koma (not tribe, but archeology/artifact site, 16th c., NW Ghana)
Guinea-Bissau (gin-bissou) Soninke (also a minor language), Bijongo on Bijagos/Bissagos Islands, Sherbro (shur-b(r) *) -Bullom (an early people of Sierra Leone and Guinea)
Guinea/Equatorial Guinea (gin/(g-i-n)) - People: Baga (b-g*), Landuma
Ivory Coast / Cote d'Ivoire (kt d vwr/ k-t-d) (Kouassikouassikro, Abidjan (ah-bee-jahn). Kami, Senufo (se-nu-f*/seh-noo-foh/suh-NOO-fo) who also call themselves the Siena (s-nn*) tribe (also in Mali and Burkina Faso), Asante/Ashanti/Ashante (shnt/ah-SAHN-tee//ah-sahn-tee), Baule/Baole/Baoule ((bah--lay*/bah-oo-lay) (once part of Ashante Kingdom), Akan (-,kn/akn) peoples, Anyi (an((g))y()*) (formed the kingdom of Krinjabo (krin(g)-jb*). Akan (-kn) language cluster of Twi. Culture related to Baule), Akye ("Akhe" to some culture members), Bete (bt*), Dan style), Guro (gur), (dan*) Dan
Liberia most are Malinke (m-li(ng)-k) (Mandingo), Gola (a likely source, or Angola, of "Gullah," a variation of English in S.C. & GA) (also Sierra Leone), and Kru (kroo) peoples, incl. Bassa (BAH-sah), and Gio (g*) tribe of Dan (dan*) people (see Ivory Coast), about %5 Americo-Liberians (returned Am. slaves), Mende (see Sierra Leone)
Mali (m-l/ma-)) (Tombouctou (t n -bk-t) or Timbuktu (tim-,bk-t), Djenn (Djenne)/Jenn (both: jen) (site of former town, refers to a style, not tribe, ca. AD 1200-1600, SW Mali. Songo (a Dogon town), Bamako), Bandiagara (*ban-d-a-gar-*) (area where Dogon live), Bambara (bam-br-), Bamana (bahm-mh-nh/BAH-muh-nuh)), Dogon (d-gn/d-gon*/D-gahn) (also Ghana), Marka/Merca (mar-k*)), Tellem (an ancient people of Mali) Toma/Loma (t-m*/(lm) Mali area.
Mauritania (mritn/Fr. Mauritanie (mo-r-ta-n)) Incl. "Moors"
Niger Peul/Fulani (pl) (f-,l-n/f-ln/foolane) (also in (m-l) Mali)
Nigeria (njira) (Lagos (lgos/lgs, Oshogbo (-sg-bb), SW Nigeria, Kano (k-(,)n)), Imewuro) Igbo-Ukwu (ig-(,)b) (location, cast metal sculpture, artifacts ca. 10th c., E. Nigeria), Ise (-s), Efon- Alaye (in Ondo state, SW Nigeria)) (Benue (ben-oo-ay) River Valley) Nok (KNOCK) (early culture, ca. 400 BC-AD 200), (b-nin/be-/buh-NIN) Benin (ca. AD 1300-1897, in SW Nigeria), Yoruba (yr--b) (SW Nigeria and parts of Benin and Togo) , Ife/Ile (-lay)-Ife (-(,)f*)/-fay) (archeology site SW Nigeria, 12th to 15th c., related to present-day Yoruba people), Ijebu (name given old Kingdom, archeology/artifact site, ca. 1500-1750, SW Nigeria), Esie (-C*) (a region, archeology site/artifacts, ca. 12-15th c., area of Yoruba), Owo (w?) (arch. site and art, ca. 17th c.), Oyo (y) (Oyo Kingdom, AD 1680-1830, N Nigeria, also name of a town SW Nigeria), Benin and, Peul/Fulani (pl) (f-,l-n/f-ln), Zaria (zr), Ibadan (bdn//-bh-dahn) location), Oshongbo (ogbmsh/(obmsh), Benin City, (Ife city is near border with Benin)) Igbo (igb/ig-(,)b//egh-bow) or Ibo (b/-(,)b), Igbomina (subgroup of Yoruba), Ibibio (-b-b- (w)*/ee-bee-bee-ow), Oron (r-on*) (a clan of the Ibibio), Jukun/Jiku (Visona Ch. 3 p. 88. A people in the Benue Valley of Nigeria, also a language group spoken in Nigeria and Cameroon), Hausa/Haussa/Hase (all: hous/-s) of northern Nigeria, Dakakari (Visona Ch. 3 p. 82), Ga'anda (Visona Ch. 3 p. 83), Mumuye (Visona Ch. 3 p. 91), Ekoi (-coy()*), Idoma (-d-mh*) (not covered in Visona), Nupe (n-(,)p), Igala (-gl*) (not covered in Visona), Kingdom of Edo (old name for Benin city and its people, a people who speak this language, a part of Benin), Eket, Afo (a-f*) (also in Cameroon), Tuareg/Touareg (both: twreg) (along Niger River from Tombouctou in Mali to Nigeria), Chamba (ch(o)m-b*) (Visona Ch. 3 p. 88), Ijo (-j* -Natl. Gal. Art/-jaw -NC Mus. Art), Zande/Azande (h-zen-d*) (central African black tribes belonging to the Sudanic language group, also in Cameroon, Cen. Af., and Nigeria, W. Af.), Mambila (mam-bl) (Visona Ch. 3 p. 92. Also in Cameroon, Cen. Af.)
Senegal (senigl) (Dakar (dkr/d-, Saint-Louis), Thies (tys)) Peul/Fulani (pl) (f-,l-n) (also in Burkina Faso)
Sierra Leone (sr ln/sr ln) (Freetown, capital) Sapi, Sherbro (shur-b(r) *) /Sherbro-Bullom (an early people of Sierra Leone and Guinea), Mende (men-d/-d/MEN-day) (people speaking Mande (mn-,d) language of southern Sierra Leone and eastern Liberia), Kisi/Kissi (kiss*), Temne (temn)
Togo/officially Togolese Republic (tg) (Lome (lm)) Ewe (v/w), `Som ba, Fon (fohn/faun), Yoruba (most in SW Nigeria, and in parts of Benin)

W Af. Terms:

Abiodun, Rowland, art historian, Nigeria
agere Ifa, Yoruba, "divination cup"
Akuaba/Akuba/Akua-Ba (AH-kooah-bah/AH-koo-bah), fertility figure, Ashanti, Ghana, also adopted by the Fante of Ghana
Ala (l) is "mother Earth" or "goddess of the earth," it is often spoken and written "at birth we rest on her, at death we return to her womb." Edo, Yoruba & others, particularly in Nigeria, W and C Af., often in secret
aloma, Baule, a tree carved for a spirit wife
arinjale, Yoruba, "a king," as in king of Ise
Arinze, Emmanuel, Asst. Dir., Natl. Commission for Mus. & Monuments, Nigeria
ase, Yoruba, the life force possessed by everything that exists, and gives power or authority to the king, residing in the crown
Bini (ben*), people of Benin
Bom Bosh (bm bsh*), King of the Bakuba, active ca. 1650
Bondiagara (bhn(d)-g-g-r) escapement of Niger River ('n-jur / n-'zher)
bonu amuin, Baule ritually charged helmet masks
chi wara/Tji Wara (CHEE-wah-rah/ch()-w(h)-r*), Bambara/Bamana, mythological "animal who walkes the Earth" headdress, also name of the farmer's association using them, Mali area
cowrie shells (kour)
crotals, small metal rattles, their ringing announced the arrival of an important person
egungun (AY-guhn-guhn/eh-) ceremony, annual or (be-n-l) biennial, for Yoruba to honor their ancestors
Ekoi masks of a secret society of the Ibibio, Nigeria, also a people
Enwonwu, Ben (en-wh-woo), a Nigerian painter and sculptor of the Ibo tribe (-b)-, same as Igbo (igb)
Eyinle (AY-in-lay), important Yoruba river god, to whom river stones, sand, and water are sacred
Fakeye (fook-e-ye/fk-wh-), contemporary family of Yoruba sculptors working in/near Orogun and Ibadan (-bh-dahn). Includes Lamidi (leh-md/Fr. La-m d) Fakeye, Akin Fakeye (b.1936), Adewuyi Fakeye, and younger Jimoh, Sule, Akeem and Luqman.
fon, generic title for kings in the Grasslands of Cameroon
gbagba, Baule daytime entertainment masquerades
ibeji, Yoruba figures representing a dead twin
Ibo Mbari, shrines of the Ibo (-b), Nigeria
ikenga (-king-g*), for the Ibo of Nigeria, a type of figure that gives an embodiment of a man's power to cope-- to do anything
i nyi a ti, "his eyes have been opened and he has reached the age of reason, or is open to new ideas"
i nyi wo su, "he is alive," Baule
Jegede, Dele, art historian & painter, Nigeria
kola nuts
komien, a diviner, somewhat of a spiritual advisor, Baule
Kouassi Nguessan Louis (or "Kangah")
labret (l-brt), a type of ornament worn through a perforation in the lip
Mande (mn-,d) a Niger-Congo (k{ng}-(,)g) language family of the Bantu language, sometimes used to refer to speaking tribes, spoke mostly in Burkina Faso, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, and Sierra Leone
Mbengue, Gora (GORE-ah mBENG), a self-taught artist from Senegal, renowned for his paintings on glass, a popular technique in Senegal
mbuya, masks of the Western Pende peoples
mwo society masks, Igbo and Ibo, Nigeria
ndoma, Baule, "namesake"
ngblo, Baule face masks, Cote d'Ivoire
Nok (knock), example of the earliest known sub-Saharan sculpture, discovered by tin miners on the (js) Jos plateau, Nigeria
nommo, "humankind" in Dogon language
Nomoli style (n-m-?),, Sierra Leone (s-r / s-r)- (l-n / l-n)- and Guinea ('g-i-n). Fr. F. Gui-ne (g-n)
oba, (-buh), title for a king, Yoruba
Olowe of Ise (-lu-wa of -s) (ca. 1873-1938), Yoruba sculptor
Ogboni (()g-b-n*), see Osugbo
Ogoga of Ikere
oni /ooni (king) of Ife (-(,)f*), Nigeria
onile, "owner-of- the-house," the couple that founded the community
Onobrakpeya, Bruce (on,-brk-b-y), printmaker and sculptor, Nigeria
Oro, a society closely related to the Osugbo society, Yoruba
Osugbo (()sug-b?), council/society of the eldest and wisest male and female elders in a community, known as Osugbo among the Ijebu Yoruba and (()g-b-n*) Ogboni in the (y) Oyo area. Osugbo believe in a cult of Earth spirits which serve as a spiritual balance to the power of the king
Owie Kimou, Baule artist
Sande (SAHN-day) Society, society for women only, responsible for the education of girls, Mende and other peoples in Sierra Leone and Liberia area
Sango, "the fourth king of the Yorubas, who was deified after his death
Shango, Yoruba God of Thunder
porpianong, Senufo name for the hornbill bird
steatite (st--,tt), a precious stone
Sudan - region N Af. bet. Atlantic & upper Nile S of Sahara incl. basins of Lake Chad (Niger, Nigeria, Chad) & Niger River (S & SW Mali) & upper Nile (S Sudan
Vodun (v-'d)/ Vodoun/ Voudou (v-'d) ‚ /"spirit") a religion of Yoruba, official rel. of Benin, also in Haiti, and U.S. urban south. Called "voodoo" by Hollywood misrepresentations.
waka sran, the words for person & wood, for a carved wooden figure, Baule

CENTRAL AFRICA*

Burundi (bu-r®n-d)
Cameroon/Cameroun (ka-m-rn) (Foumban) Sao style elements see "Sao" in Chad, Bamileke (bamilk), Peul/Fulani (pl) (f-,l-n), Matakam, Tikar, Bamum, Duala (a town, a people, and a Bantu language of Cameroon), Wum (w(h)m*), Bangwa (bang-w*), Babanki (b-bank*), Nkom (()-kom*)
Central African Republic, `Gbaya, `Biyanda, Mbuti (one of the several tribes of the "Pygmy/Pygmies," mostly central Africa)
Chad, (chad/chd) (Ndjamena (nj®-mn), formally Fort-Lamy) Sao (sou/s*) (name from ancient civilization, archeology/artifacts dated) 10th-16th c., SW Chad and NE Cameroon, related across Nigeria to Mali in W. Af.), `Sara, `Massa, `Ngambaye, `Moundang, Arabs, Tuareg (twrg) (Berbers of the Sahara, once influenced Mande art), `Hadjerai, `Fulbe, and `Toubou
Congo k(ng)-(,)g, Republic of (Brazzaville), Nzombo (also of Zaire), Kwele, `Yom be, Vili, Kuba kingdom of the Shongo people, Luba and Bena Lulua/Lulua (l-l-h*/-) peoples, Kasai (ks) (former province ruled by Kuba, but included Luba and Bena Lulua peoples), Basolongo (bah-s-long-*) (Congo river people, Zaire & Rep. of Congo). Also see "Kongo", sometimes a reference to now Zaire of W Af
Democratic Republic of Congo, or "Zaire" (zr/z-ir) (old name), (Kinshasa (kin-sh-s), Lubumbashi (l-bm-b-sh), Ktanga (k-tang*) province, where the Luba live). People: Yombe/Yom be (YOM-bay), Bembe (bem-bay), Bwaka, Chokwe (chok-kweh) (centered in Angola), Hemba (hem-bah*) (Af term meaning east, not a tribe, but groups living in . Zaire), `Nzakara, Mangbetu (mahng-bay-too) (also in Gabon), Boma (see "Kongo") `Mbuti or `Bambuti (formally "Pygmy"), Efe (another tribe of "Pygmies"), `M buti, Ngombe, Ngiri, `Binja, `Kele, Teke/BaTeke, Doko, Lega, Konda, Dengese (den-gz*), Wongo/Ba-Wongo, Kuba (KOO-buh), Bakuba (buh-koo-bah/bah-) (kuba is a kingdom of the Shongo people), Songo (SONG-go) Meno, Bushoong, Shoowa, `Manyema, Songye/BaSongye/Songhey/Songe (bah-s<(h)>n-g* - song), Nkutshu, BaKongo/Kongo (k(ng)-(,)g//bah-kohng-ghoh) (incl. Vili group), Tshokwe ///chockwe, freestanding figures, ceremonial ... S. congo & angola///, Pende/BaPende (pehn-day/bah-pehn-day/-d*), Luba (loo,-bah/LOO-buh)/BaLuba (bah,-loo,-bah), Lulua/Bena Lulua (l-l-), Lunda (loon-dah), Balega (b-l-g*) (Congo area), Basolongo (bah-s-long-*) (Congo river people, Zaire & Rep. of Congo), Bashilele (bash-h-ll*) people (style related to Kuba/BaKuba), Lele (subgroup of the Bashilele), Batabwa/Tabwa (bah-tb-w(h)), Babuya (bah-b-y*)
Equatorial Guinea (gin), (Malabo (mlbo), Fang (fahng), `Bubi
Gabon (ga-bN (n) [N=nasal letter preceeding it]/gah-BON/(g-bon*) (have 5 sl) (M'Bigou), Fang (fahng), Kota/BaKota (K-tuh) (Visona 358), `Kele, Mangbetu (mahng-bay-too) (also in D. R. Congo), Masongo (muh-SONG-go), Kuyu (ky*), Mahongwe (m-hong-w*), Ashira (()-shear-*)
Kongo, not a country, a grouping of peoples, most in Zaire. A Bantu or Bantu-speaking people living along the Congo River (often lower Congo R.) between Republic of Congo and Zaire. This include the famous Kuba people and others whose artistic style is related. Basolongo (bah-s-long-*) (Congo river people, Zaire & Rep. of Congo), Boma (bm(h)*) (a subgroup of the Kongo people)
Rwanda Tutsi (tt-s/t-s//toot-see)
Zaire, see "Democratic Republic of the Congo"

C. Af. Terms etc.:

akwanshi, "dead people in the ground," Ejagham name for about 300 stone memorial figures (Visona labels "Carved Monoliths, Akwanshi, Nigeria, 16th c."), that some scholars consider (-coy()*) Ekoi ancestor work, found in Cross River area.
"Alfonso I" (1506-43). Kongo (k(ng)-(,)g) king converted to Christianity
1499, Pope Alexander VI granted King Manuel I (manwel) (1469‚1521) of Portugal patronage over all African lands discovered
Bantu (ban-(,)t/bn-) - family of Niger-Congo languages, sometimes reference to groups speaking, in central and southern Africa
Bolongongo, King Shamba, (b-lon-gon-g*), began practice of Kuba king figures
Bosh, King Bom of Kuba
bukishi, a Songye secret society
Bwame Nada, nonsense term used in test answer key for the uninformed
fon, title for a Bamileke king
iduma, highest form of masks used by Bwami association of Lega communities
Kanem-Bornu (knum-bon* - as in boot) a former Moslem empire incl. Chad and
Kasai (k-s), region S cen Zaire, also Kasai River, N Angola & W Zaire flowing N & W into Congo River (Web.)
mbuya, Pende, mask type
minkisi (min-KEE-see)(plural for nkisi (in-KEE-see)), refers to a container for medicines, and the cylindrical container on the stomach of a figure, and objects of power among peoples of S. (zr) Zaire
mwana pwo, mask type, used by Chokwe & others, depicts an ancestress as a beautiful young woman
Ngaady a mwaash, mask symbolizing serene beauty and represents the sister-wife of the dynastic myth of Woot, Kuba & others
nganga, expert who activates a (in-KEE-see) nkisi (singular of minkisi)
ngil/ngi society & mask, Meaning "gorilla"; Fang (fahng) people society and masquerade, concerned with anti-sorcery activities, and Visona says regulate social behaviorFang (fahng) people, and a type of initiation rites mask, Gabon
Niamandele (n-a-man-dl*), name of an artist and the village chief of the Bashilele
nja, the royal arts of Bamun people, Grassfields region, Cameroon
nkondi, "hunter," the most powerful class of (min-KEE-see) minkisi
ntapo, symbols found in scarification and other Luba art forms
Ogowe (-g-w*) River style, example art of Ashira and Kwele peoples, Gabon & Rep. of Congo area, CA
Tanganyika (tan-g-ny-k), lake in E Af. in Great Rift Valley, and between Zaire of W. Af & Tanzania of C. Af., also former country now part of Tanzania
yanda, a figure of wood or fired clay used by the Mani association of the Azande and their neighbors

EASTERN AFRICA

Djibouti (j-b-t) `Afars, `Issas
Ethiopia (Addis Ababa (ah-dees ah-bah-bah)
Eritrea (er--tr-), historical area, former country NE Af., now part of Ethiopia
Islands: `Seychelles (s-shel(z)), `Comoros (k-m-,rs//coh-mow-rohs)
Madagascar (largest)
Kenya (Nairobi) Kikuyu, Masai/Massai (m-'s) (also in Tanzania), and Samburu
Somalia (s-ml-y/s-m-l-) (Mogadisho, Somali majority, a Cushitic (kush/k()sh) people), Boni (small minority)
Sudan (Khartoum (kr-tm))
Uganda (Kampala (Kahm-pah-lah)) 2/3 speak Bantu (bant) language, Karamojong tribe

E. Af. Terms:
Boghossian, Skunder, artist, born Ethiopia, active in U.S. since 1970
Coptic Christians

SOUTHERN AFRICA*

Angola Chokwe people (centered in N. Angola, also in Zaire), Ovimbundu (vim-bnd)/Mbundu (m-bnd)
Botswana (bt-sw-n) (Gaborone (,g-b-r-(,)n/,k-) Tswana ((t)sw-n), San (sn) ("Bushmen"), `Kalanga, and Herero (h-'rer-(,)). English is official language, but most speak Setswana, the language of the Tswana, a member of the Sotho (s-(,)t//sutu) subgroup of Bantu languages. Tswana migrated there ca. 1800, & replaced the indigenous San
Malawi (m-'l-w/-la-//mah-lah-wee) English is official & school language. Also spoken are Chichewa and other Bantu languages
Mozambique (m-zam-bk) (Maputo (m-p-(,)t), formally Lourenco Marques (l-ren(t)-(,)s-,mr-kes) Makonde (mah-kohn-deh) (also S. Tanzania)
Namibia (n-mi-b-) Ovambo (-vam-(,)b/-vm-), `Damara, `Herero, `Dama, Khoikhoi (ki-,ki) (also "Hottentot" (h-t n-,tt)), San (sn) (also "bushmen")
South Africa (Johannesburg, Cape Nguni (ng-gn - = boot) a Zulu location) "Hottentot" (h-t n-,tt), Zulu (z-(,)l) (Af. tribe of Bantu stock & language) BaJokwe (b-jk-we/buh-*)
Tanzania (tan-z-n-/,tn-) (Dar es Salaam (dr-,e(s)-s-lm)) Masai /Massai (m-'s) (also in Kenya), Makonde (mah-kohn-deh) (also Mozambique), Moshi (msh/m-c*) people (sometimes called "Chagga people, near now city of Moshi)
Zambia (zam-b-) Sotho (s-(,)t//sutu) and Nguni groups were indigenous, but Bantu-speaking peoples invaded over centuries. Official language is English, but over 70 African languages are spoken
Zimbabwe (zim-b-bw/-bb-w*/-(,)bw) / old name: Rhodesia (Matabele/-land (ma-t-b-l)) (Salisbury, Bulawayo (b-l-w-(,)/-w-) Bantu-speaking, "Great Zimbabwe" (ancient civ., archeology/artifacts dated ca. 14th c.) `Mashona/Shona (shoh-nah) and the `Ndebele

S. Af. Terms:

Boni headrest (called "barkin")
mwana pwo, a type of mask by the Chokwe peoples, often Muzamba style
Obamba group of the Bantu language (bant) people (not Kota peoples), South Africa or Uganda in E. Af. (not: Gabon (ga-b n/gbo')

General Terms & Names:

adze/adz - type of hatchet
Barbier-Mueller (br-by-m{ue}l-r)/or (m{ue}l-r) Museum/Musee Barbier- Mueller, Geneva
cowrie / cowry shells (both: kaur)
Derain, Andre (1880-1954) (dr da-ra)
diaspora - "2. a : the breaking up and scattering of a people : migration ; b : people settled far from their ancestral homelands ; c : the place where these people live" (AHD)
Exploris, a global experience center in Raleigh, N.C.
Language Groupings (note: many Africans speak more than one language, language is important in most Af. cultures) - Two spoken by the most people are Swahili (one of the Bantu languages) and Hausa (hous/-s//hah-ow-sah) (Visona Ch. 3 p. 94. Also used in W. Af. as a trade language), although generally indigenous languages are spoken by peoples of the richest artistic traditions. Indigenous: Hamito-Semitic (ha-m-(,)t-s-mi-tik) (or Afro-Asiatic), spoken in Asia & N. Af. incl. East Af.; Nilo-Saharan spoken from great bend of Niger River in W. Af. to Ethiopia; Khoisan (ki-,sn) (or Click) spoken by Khoikhoi and San peoples of southern Africa ; and Niger-Kordofanian include family of 2 language groups, Niger-Congo and Kordofanian. Niger-Congo is spoken in almost all of the African continent below the Sahara Desert. Kordofanian is spoken by only a few in found in small area of the Nuba (noo-bah) hills in the southern Sudan, surrounded by Nilo-Saharan family and Arabic. Non-Indigenous: Indo-European (includ. English) and Malayo-Polynesian. English is often taught in schools, and used by governments as a second language.
marabout (MAR-uh-boo), a religious and spiritual leader
monoxyle (mn-zle) - carved from a single piece of wood
Olodumare (ll-doo-m-r/ll-d-/sometimes the r is slightly rolled into the "", doo=words "do or few"), considered the supreme being in many of Africa's indigenous religions. (YeYe OlaOsun Oladekoju, Priestess of Osun, and James W. Peebles, Ph.D.) Olodumare is not worshipped the way the Hebrew "God" is.
Orisha/Orisa (or-r-sh), a minor diety under Olodumare, especially to Yoruba
Picasso, Pablo (1881-1973. Spanish)
raffia cloth ('ra-f-), from the fiber of the raffia palm
"spirit" :1.a. The vital principle or animating force within living beings. b. Incorporeal consciousness. 2. The soul, considered as departing from the body of a person at death. 3. Spirit. The Holy Spirit. 4. Spirit. Christian Science. God. 5. A supernatural being, as: a. An angel or a demon. b. A being inhabiting or embodying a particular place, object, or natural phenomenon. c. A fairy or sprite. 6.a. The part of a human being associated with the mind, will, and feelings. b. The essential nature of a person or group. (AHD) In many African traditional religions and/or philosophy all things, living or not, contain a spirit. (GB)
Vlaminck, Maurice de (1876-1958) (m-r-s da vlm-a-nk)

Sources:
From notes of Gerard Bowles in courses and seminars at the Smithsonian Institution; Museum of African Art, and the National Gallery of Art; Veronika Jenke, Assistant Curator of Education, Department of Education, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution; Muse du Louvre, Paris; American Heritage Dictionary 4e. Columbia Encyclopedia; Southern Center for International Studies (SCIC) (preceded by "//"); Sudan National Museum, Khartoum; National Museum, Lagos; Institut des Muses Nationaux, Kinshasa; North Carolina Museum of Art and guest curators of The Art of Africa, 2000 Exhibition.
For a complete list of sources used by Gerard Bowles consult Sources Cited by Bowles in Lecture